Homosexual Marriage Needs to Be Legalized Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Homosexual Marriage Needs to Be Legalized - Essay Example This would never have happened if Charlene and Kate were allowed to legally marry. Today, gay marriage is illegal in most states in America, and this is unconstitutional, as it is violating a fundamental right, which is marriage. The most egregious thing about the issue of denying gay marriage is that there really is not a legitimate argument put forth by the other side which would substantiate keeping an entire class of people from enjoying basic rights. For instance, consider the â€Å"slippery slope† argument. This argument states that if homosexuals were allowed to marry, then the legislatures would have to legalize marriage between man and dog, man and daughter, man and 12-year-old boy. This argument does not hold water for two major reasons – one, marriage between two homosexuals is sanctifying a consensual relationship, and all the other scenarios above would not be. And, two, perhaps most importantly, pedophilia, incest and bestiality are all illegal, probably in all fifty states. Homosexual relationships, on the other hand, are not, and cannot be due to the case of Lawrence v. Texas, a 2003 Supreme Court case which established that sodomy laws are unconstitutional. Therein lies a diffe rence – legislatures cannot be pressured to legalize marriage based upon relationships which are illegal, such as pedophilia, incest and bestiality, therefore the slippery slope argument is not legitimate. Another argument is that marriage is based upon procreation, and, since homosexuals cannot procreate, they should be denied the right to marry. This argument cannot be logically consistent, because, if the argument were to carried out to its logical conclusion, anybody and everybody who would be unable or unwilling to have children would also be denied the right to marry. Your grandmother in the nursing home who met her soul mate at the age of 86? Sorry, grandma, you can't marry because you can't have children anymore. Your sister who had ovarian cancer and had to have a hysterectomy? Sorry, sis, you can't marry either, because you are unable to have children. This is the logical extension of the ?ays can't marry because they cannot procreate argument,one that the supporter s of this argument must adopt if they are to be logically consistent. Of course, the other major argument is that homosexuality is proscribed by the Bible, but this is not a justification for denying a constitutional right. Roe v. Wade4 established this, as it states that morality is not a legitimate concern upon which to base a law that affects one's fundamental rights. And besides, if legislatures are going to start basing their laws on Biblical proscriptions, then they are going to have to outlaw drinking and getting rowdy at Sunday football games, as this would be desecrating the Sabbath, and this is an offense punishable by death according to Exodus 31:14.5 As for the argument that allowing homosexuals to marry would undermine the sanctity of marriage exhibit A to refute this argument would be Kim Kardashian. If her sham of a marriage, 72 days long, is not undermining the sanctity of the institution of marriage, then what is? Of course, it would be unfair to single her out, as there have been countless celebrities whose marriages lasted well short of a year. Not to mention Elizabeth Taylor, who was married eight times. These are just celebrities there are countless people who are not famous who are in the same predicament. Who doesn't have an uncle with five ex-wives? In short, heterosexuals

Purpose Of Computer Components Computer Science Essay

Purpose Of Computer Components Computer Science Essay There are many peripherals inside computer base, which process instruction via buses/wires to other hardware/software. Those are hardwares that works together and shows output/input. Such as Motherboard, Monitor, Operating system, Keyboard, Mouse, Speakers, CPU (Central Processing Unit), Hard Disk (storage devices) and Graphic card /video card. My aim is to describe about hardware, role of hardware and specification. Nowadays, technology growing very fast, even mobile, PDA works as computer, without having hardware like computer. In this report, the user will get more knowledge about hardware. The CPU is main device to maintain and provides order to RAM. If we go to deep then, the CPU has for factor of execution, such as PC (program controller), CU (control unit), and ALU (arithmetic logic unit) and finally is storage (registers). But clock is important device which maintain frequency (voltage) within computer system. A RAM is short term memory hardware which gets order from CPU and sends it hardware to run and launch. A RAM have priority to transmit data to anywhere within system. Secondary memory is non volatile because it holds data for permanent and CPU is not direct contacting with memory. A magnetic disk and optical device is secondary device because you use that device anywhere and any location by modelled by USB system. A supportive device and input/output devices also important to support other device for improve efficiency, performance and execution. Process of computer system Other I/O e.g. USB, ETHERNET and other components Diagram (1.1) [1] Control CLOCK KEYBOARD CPU, CATCH SRAM/AVL, general register MAIN MEMORY HARD DISK Data buses, 64 wire Address bus 16, 32, 64 serial wires Control buses: lot of different signal RW line e.g. clock signal Diagram 1.1 shows a CHIP clock is manages and handles all activity of hardware and software. It controls the traffic (frequency/voltage/bandwidth) within internal buses that make sore every components of computer system should get right amount of duty (instruction). When user gives command to computer system, than a CPU (central processor unit) gets instructions, that moment a clock chip controller performs to processor should get reliability. After, a processor passes information within second to Memory RAM. A memory ram is short term storage devices which executes information from CUP and shows output to user. A RAM sends instruction to other internal devices to perform. After that, a software/ or hardware start functioning. I would like to describe about hardware of computer system. [3] CPU (central processing unit) is a main primary hardware of computer system which is carryout the commands from software and categorise task in sequential order. A role of CPU is to perform programs that stored in the main memory via fetching their orders. It is responsible of fetching commands from the memory and formative their type. It has four major models which are Arithmetic logic unit (ALU), Control unit, registers, and Clock. A CUP calculates Arithmetic, assignment statement, Boolean statement and logical statements which are performed by CUP. It also holds high-speed memory to store output and some control statements. Central processing unit (CPUs) [2] This memory is registered with functions; the most important program is program counter (PC), which indicates to next command to be executed. And also there is another register which contains instruction of current processing task. A CPU needed a motherboard and RAM to transmit instructions and Ventilation sink to cool down the CPUs internal materials (buses). [2] CPU processing cycle: it is execution process where the instructions processed by sequentially within CPU from memory. A cycle mean it keep reaping and executing instructions until a task is finished or reached. Primary memory and secondary memory RAM (random access memory) [5] before in 2003, RAM shared 512 memory that provided by system but nowadays RAM memory reach up to 1 or 4 GB, when RAM is not capable to transmit the data flow within its ability, then the user might have install another RAM. So the system can run faster and task will be monitored by operating system. As we know that memory controls the signal traffic, but upgrading latest RAM, improves the traffic signal of data/task, works faster than before and also you will get quick response from computer system. Basically, memory is measured by increase of bits and bytes. [4] It stores data that can be access sequentially. If the data is not reached or not found at present position, than each memory bytes checked until get full information or found data. A SAM (serial access memory) is a partition of RAM that helps to transfer (buffer) data; organise data in order and then stores. A memory is integrated circuit (IC), which developed by 100 thousands of transistors and capacitors. Most basic RAM circuit is DRAM (dynamic memory random access memory). A capacitors and transistors produce a memory cell, which represents a signal bit of data (1 or 0). A capacitors is contains one signal digit at one time (voltage) and transistor works as switch, so it lets the control circuitry on the memory circuitry reads that binary words that capacitors contains and modify its position. Memories consist of a cells and each cell organised by address. A CPU (central processing unit) interact with main memory by sending signals to two registers of memory, which are memory address register (MAR.) and memory buffer register (MBR). When a CPU wants instruction from memory, it sends address of instruction to MAR and send digital frequency to memory the memory. After that the memory stats functioning and insert that instruction to MBR, where the CPU can access that frequency. The CPU set the address into MAR and cells are stored in the MBR. Finally, the memory is starts working and store set of instruction. A memory needs slots to locate into motherboard. The user can input two memory chipset at one time. There are two type of chipset which are DDR and SDRAM, its sends instruction twice at same time. [5] A program only launch from main memory and OS (operating system) holds instruction until needed. Secondary memory As I defined differences of primary memory; a CPU can be directly access it but in secondary memory, CPU does not access instruction or data directly. Normally, secondary memory is cheaper, longer and has larger capacity. Also it hold large amount of data. Hard drive Today, the hard drive is available in various formats, such in larger capacity. It used to hold up permanent data such as operating system, files and application. A disk is made from metal or made from special glass or aluminium or alloy material, which is LP phonograph used to record. The user can save large amount of data for permanent. A memory does not disappear when computer is shutdown. It holds memory until user needs. A hard disk is holds bytes and bit and that converted into file/folder. However, when program is running that moment the hard disk retrieves instructions and sends data to CPU at the one time. Commonly, the hard drive is transmitting data between 5 to 40 Mbps. When a CPU request for data from hard drive, that time the data transmitted to CPU between 10- 20 milliseconds. [15] Information is printed on a patterns and tracks. Track means concentric circles and patterns are in pie shaped. The disk has hundreds of tracks per shell. There are data reader head that move to closer or move back to central. The head is long enough to read or write data from whole CD, when its spinning. A hard drive have many disk installed vertically by inch apart and every disk patterns have a head that movies together and executes data at same time. Each disk drive has installed with disk controller. The controller transmits data between main memory and disk. Once a data start executed, the memory set the address for that data and keep information about where to go? And keep address of data that executed from. A disk have many sectors are divided by tracks, basically, 10 to 100 sectors per track. [15] Disk storage and USB storage: A disk is third memory storage device because the user can take anywhere. A DVD drive is rewritable compact disk knowledge. A user can save data from hard drive or load the data into it for purposes. It is burns various type of disk in different formation such as music, video and file. There also external DVD drives that can be connect via wire. A DVD drive data read rate is 48* (CD) and 16* (DVD); also writing rate is 48* (CD), 6-8 * (DVD) and 12* (DVD RAM). A user need a disk drive that record data into disk, but in DVD drive a laser reads data from surface of disk and then transmitted into computer system. A purpose of the Disk is to backup data and for protection. [6] A USB (universal serial bus) devices are very easy to use and a device created for universal use, because a small chipset, it can store large data. It usually works in any computer or other device and range of components can be connected easily. A USB 1.1 has ability to transfer maximum rate of1.5 12mbps. [6][7] Input and output devices Scanner/printer: a scanner is important device to convert paper base information into digital information and printer is printing digital information into paper. Basically, the user gives instruction to printer to print data but computer recognises its components by driver. Most common function of scanner is CCD arrays. It collects small lights -responsive diodes which change light into digital. However, an inkjet printer uses small droplets of ink to create image. The dots are very small and tiny between 10-3 dots per millimetre and positioned to exact location. [8] Keyboard, Mouse A keyboard is very common hardware to input/guide instruction and for manage computer system. It can connect via wire or USB ports. It has many characters to interact with PC, such as numbers, symbols and alphabets. It has switches to translate the person who type character into bytes so computer can understand. Most of keyboards have 80- 110 keys including functional key, control key, numeric pad and typing keys. Inside the keyboard, it has own circuitry and processor to take instruction to CPU. [9] A mouse is best model to interact with computer system without typing in; control censor movement and have ability to point on the object on computer monitor. It gives you easy accessibility to perform function of computer system. A mouse (device) installed with either sensor or roll ball to create/navigate motion. There are different mouse developed which is optical, touchpad and roll ball. An optical mouse has track sensor (CMOS: complimentary metal-oxide semiconductor) that scan surface and does not need a pads to support. The CMOS sensor transmits every collected image to digital signal processor (DSP) for analysis. Basically, a DSP measured the collection of data that how patterns are moving from previous image. [10] Support devices Motherboard Motherboard is main part of the computer and it handles communications between devices via transmitting electromagnetic power. A motherboard has many supports components to hardware, such lithium betray, DDR memory slots, 12v ATX power connector, AGP slots, chipsets, USB headers, PCI slots, CPU, HDD headers, IEEE (network) etc. Each function of motherboard has own responsibility to support internal hardware. There are many comprised individual circuit traces that is in collection of form of buses. Traces are skinny conductors or circuits on motherboard that works combine for a specific aim. It transmits electrical frequency (signals) from HDD, CPU and RAM then to other devices. A motherboard Bus is work with internal chipset/circuit to move exist data within motherboard. A motherboard can be process 32/64 bits, and transmit data up to 800-2000 MHz Major functions of the motherboard is chipset which is north and Southbridge; usually, it behave as traffic signals on the motherboard to measure high and low voltage communication to reduce data crashes. A Northbridge manages high speed communication between CPU, Ram and supportive hardware but Southbridge manages slow speed of communication based device between ports and slots, such as USB, IDE, parallels, serial, keyboard etc. [11] Graphic card A graphic card is provides supportive abilities for media bases software or hardware to work and run properly. Specially, an Intel chipset (G965, GM965, G33 etc) developed to support games animation, high resolution, and GUI (graphical user interface). A graphic card is allowed to experienced high definition GUI without needed for add-in components. Most of the graphic card is installed within motherboards AGP slot. A role of GPU (graphic processing unit) is to draw entities (geometric and mathematic calculation) that moving fast image that observe the monitor and its high level of language produce for graphic interface. To target that real time animation, the GPU must perform much floating-point operation per second. A GPU measured a shape and type of data and passes to execute function at GPU [12]. A GPU modelled by vector processing modelled, to support high application and support their functionally and GPU parallel architecture allows to perform faster, boosting rate of executi on. A manufacture developed much kind of GPU and to support; the user needs to install drivers. Currently, there are two type of GPU interface, which is OpenGL and DirectX [ref]. Because, those are interfaces developed for programming graphic operations. Figure 1.4[12] Reason I wrote about GPU because it has big responsibility give graph card to support other elements. An image we see on the monitor, it is tiny dots of pixels and that pixels are common regulation setting; each block of cells has thousands of pixels. Graphic card is translator binary data from CPU and convert into image. Basic principal of CPU is to transmit instruction that provided by software and graphic card decides how much pixels have to use to describe image. After that it transmits information to the monitor through cables. It also contains output/input technology, such as memory, processor, heat sink, motherboard connector. [13] Conclusion To conclude all about computer hardware, including CPU, memory and supportive device that work together. My aim is to describe about ability, specification and role of hardware. When the user is interact with computer system by mouse or keyboarded. The CPU gets information and converted into instruction. Basically, CPU produces order for components via using different device, such as RAM, ROM. My decision is that, by upgrading hardware, the computer system may work fast, reliable and accessibility will improve. Normally, Secondary memory provides space to hardware/software to launch and primary memory directly communicates with hardware. There are various memory which helping RAM to work faster which is registers, catch memory. The registers are addresses the executed instruction and processed instructions. A CPU does not communicate with secondary storage device, because the data is keeps permanents and can only use when needed. Its also known as magnetic disk, which is a data store in tracks and addressed blocks but when computer is shutdown, the data cannot erase. This is advantage of having secondary memory in computer system. A disk is also important to back up data, so user can use in different computer. Recently, optic storages are growing and making place in market, because it can be use anywhere and more protected. However, the user can re-write on disk or optic storage device. A scanner scans paper based information and converted into image, but that image, a printer prints it. The advantage of having scanner is to keep data in digital way and when it needed data will printed. A purpose of mouse is to interact and select object from monitor, so without inputting, a system going to run much easier. But a keyboard has many symbolic buttons and each buttons are address by bytes which keyboard processor convert into binary and transmitted to CPU. A motherboard developed by many functions to support and provide communication channel to hardwares which is connected to. Basically, it transmits an electric power via system buses and Northbridge manages high speed of CPU, RAM and ROM but Southbridge manages high speed of external devices, such as secondary and optic memory. A graphic card has important role as well to provide clear and sufficient image on the monitor. GPU is measures complex geometric shape and do mathematical calculation to make GUI (graphical int erface system) system.

Friar in Canterbury Tales Essay -- essays papers

Friar in Canterbury Tales Chaucer’s attitude towards the friar is one of sarcasm. The friar is "wanton and merry," but this pleasant-sounding description is actually packed with mockery. By the 14th century, friars, who were supposed to give up all worldly things and live only by begging for food and alms, were almost totally corrupt. They were known for flattering the rich and deceiving the poor, and especially for seducing women in outright disregard for their vow of celibacy. Chaucer's Friar, Hubert, is a "limiter," one who is licensed to beg in a certain area. He's married off women â€Å"giving each of his young women what he could afford her† which implies that he seduced them first. He's â€Å"highly believed and intimate† with â€Å"country folk within his boundary and city dames† of ...

Mrs. Mallard’s Heart Disease Essay

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   We are aware of different health problems, their causes and consequences. Mass media create favorable conditions in which we can find the required information and can be fully informed about our health. The information we get from television, newspapers, and online sources emphasizes the threat of heart diseases among women. We keep to the thought that heart diseases and strokes primarily hit men. Moreover, we cannot but admit that heart diseases are the major causes of human deaths. When reading the works of talented writers who lived earlier, we cannot but feel the impression of medical helplessness of that time. Many of us understand that the diseases described in earlier literary works are no longer threatening to the contemporary reader. Certainly, this does not mean that the discussed works lose their relevance, but modern state of medicine makes it possible to look at such works from a different angle. In The Story of an Hour, Kate Chopin has depicted a young lady with a heart disease; she died of heart attack caused by extremely powerful emotions. I am confident that our modern technologies and medicine could have helped Mrs. Mallard to avoid such tragic and evidently, too early death. Mrs. Mallard’s heart disease Kate Chopin was very distinct and explicit in her descriptions of Mrs. Mallard’s disease: â€Å"Now her bosom rose and fell tumultuously. She was beginning to recognize this thing that was approaching to possess her, and she was striving to beat it back with her will – as powerlessness as her two white slender hands would have been. When she abandoned herself a little whispered word escaped her slightly parted lips. She said it over and over under her breath: â€Å"free, free, free!† The vacant stare and the look of terror that had followed went from her eyes. They stayed keen and bright. Her pulses beat fast, and the coursing blood warmed and relaxed every inch of her body† (Chopin) Mrs. Mallard was young (Chopin). Her disease was well known and other family members were aware of her physical and emotional vulnerability. From the viewpoint of modern medicine and technology, Mrs. Mallard’s sister Josephine had been very cautious when she had to inform Mrs. Mallard of her husband’s death. At the moment of revelation, the words â€Å"free† uttered by Mrs. Mallard could either refer to her feelings towards her husband, or to the physical pain which was overwhelming and almost possessed her. Mrs. Mallard was afflicted with heart disease, and the coming doctors could only confirm she had died of heart disease. They were unable to do anything to save Mrs. Mallard or to prevent such tragic outcomes. In this context, the issue can be discussed from the two different viewpoints. First, modern technology and medicine would have saved Mrs. Mallard from death which has become the result of the heart attack: modern emergency rescue techniques and transportation make it possible to save a person’s life even in the most serious life-threatening condition. Second, modern technology and medicine would have prevented heart attacks and would guarantee Mrs. Mallard long, stable, and relatively healthy existence with minor limitations. She would have been able to live a long life if contemporary medicines and technologies had been available to her.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Women are at risk for heart disease and heart attacks, just like men. In fact, heart disease is the leading cause of death among women over 65. American women are 4 to 6 times more likely to die of heart disease than of breast cancer† (Family Doctor). The problem is that the majority of women still treats heart disease as the traditionally male problem, and does not realize the threats it creates to their health. As always, medical problems are easier to prevent than to treat. This is why it is critical that the patients are aware of their health problems and are involved into the process of continuous medical care, which will prevent serious health complications and will provide a person with a chance to live. In her story Kate Chopin makes the reader aware of the fact that Louise was sick; however, was Louise herself realizing the seriousness of her heart disease? Probably, she was not. It is clear that her sister was more realistic in terms of Mrs. Mallard’s disease, and even if Louise herself knew her health problems, she did not care much about them. This was the biggest mistake she could make towards her health.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     The internet and other sources of information offer sufficient information on the methods of treating heart disease and preventing heart attacks. From the viewpoint of the continuous medical care, Louise could take several easy steps to make her life easier. First she could control her blood pressure and the symptoms of heart disease (Wilansky & Willerson 54). The blood pressure control can take several forms, but in case with Mrs. Mallard she could keep to a healthy diet, minimize the salt intake, and address the doctor for medicines which would lower blood pressure. Modern technologies make it possible to measure the cholesterol level; this option would provide Mrs. Mallard with the full information about her diet, and possibly adjust it to her health needs. There is one more essential aspect in treating heart disease: patients should be constantly alert when it comes to changes in their health or their perceptions (Orth-Gomer & Chesney 98). Patients are not to neglect the chest pain: â€Å"be sure to contact your doctor immediately if you suffer from pain in your chest, shoulder, neck, or jaw. Also notify your doctor if you experience shortness of breath or nausea that comes on quickly. If you are having a heart attack, the faster you can get to a hospital, the less damage will happen to your heart† (Family Doctor). Modern technologies and transport help reach the patient in the remotest area and provide the best medical assistance while the patient is being taken to the hospital.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To be objective, the discussed measures are also connected with significant constraints, and in order to guarantee the best health outcomes, Louise and her doctor would have taken these constraints into account. First of all, â€Å"women are more likely than men to have atypical heart attack symptoms such as neck and shoulder pain, abdominal pain, nausea, fatigue or shortness of breath† (Krantz & Mcceney 1013). It would be extremely difficult for Mrs. Mallard to identify the symptoms of a heart attack: it would practically impossible to visit the doctor each time she felt pain. However, we can conclude from the story that Louise was familiar with the symptoms of her heart disease; moreover, they were always similar or even the same. This is why it would be easy for her to prevent health complications in case she reported her pain and other symptoms in timely manner. The major threat heart disease creates for a woman is the threat of silent heart attacks, which are more probable among women, than men (Krantz & Mcceney 1015). As Louise felt the pain was coming and was embracing her chest, she could certainly prevent her heart attack.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Second, â€Å"women are less likely than men to have the typical findings on the ECG that are necessary to diagnose a heart attack quickly† (Orth-Gomer & Chesney 35). Yet, the mere awareness of the fact that the person has heart disease will lead medical professionals in the correct direction. They will know how to interpret the symptoms, and what to do to save the life of the patient. Women’s heart is unique both physiologically and emotionally, and even when it comes to science, medical specialists fail to explain the majority of the processes which take place in a woman’s heart. For example, â€Å"women are less likely to survive heart attacks than men. No one knows why. It may be that women don’t seek or receive treatment as soon as men, or it may be because women’s smaller hearts and blood vessels are more easily damaged† (Family Doctor). In any case, heart attack and heart disease is more threatening for a woman than it is for a man. This does not mean that for a woman to have sick heart means to be dead. On the contrary, numerous preventive measures are aimed at creating favorable conditions for those whose heart is vulnerable to emotions, stresses, physical exercises, and other related activities. If we take into account the extremely stressful situation in which Louise was, and neglect the reasons for which she had not addressed the doctors earlier in her life, she could have been saved. â€Å"Emergency percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) or coronary stenting for acute heart attack is as effective in women as in men; however, women may have slightly higher rate of procedure-related complications in their blood vessels (such as bleeding or clotting at the point of insertion of the PTCA catheter). This higher rate of complications has been attributed to women’s older age, smaller artery size, and greater severity of angina. The long-term outcome of angioplasty or stenting however, is similar in men and women, and should not be withheld due to gender.† (Consedine, Magai & Chin 215) Taking into account Mrs. Mallard’s young age, she could have avoided the majority of procedure-related complications and would evidently have survived her heart attack. It is doubtless that Louise would be able to live a long life. Modern technology and medicine would supply her with several options. First, she would be able to go through the extensive medical investigation to discover the causes, implications, and possible risks of her heart disease. To be aware means to be alive when it comes to treating heart diseases. The results of investigation would provide Louise with the knowledge about possible measures to prevent heart attack or other related complications of her heart disease. Second, such investigation and medical analysis would help Louise adjust her daily life to the needs of her sick heart, and avoid significant stresses which have led her to death. Any extreme emotion is the stress for a weak heart, no matter whether it is sadness or joy, and a sick person must control such emotions to prevent the negative health outcomes (Consedine, Magai & Chin 214). Mrs. Mallard would have had access to preventive therapeutic solutions, which modern medicine offers. Preventive measures would significantly decrease health risks for Louise. Third, modern medical science possesses profound knowledge about the mechanisms of heart diseases and heart attacks; contemporary surgeons have numerous instruments and techniques available to restore the sick heart, and to guarantee long and full life to the patient after a heart attack. When combined with modern means of transport and emergency rescue, these instruments become invaluable in saving the lives of those who have suffered acute heart attack.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Kate Chopin’s story, Mrs. Mallard has died of heart attack, â€Å"of joy that kills† (Chopin). People may hold various opinions about her heart disease, but one thing is evident: Louise could have been saved in case she could use the modern achievements in medicine, technology, and science. Even if we assume that heart disease and heart attacks remain the major reasons of human deaths, more and more people are saved and receive timely medical assistance due to the latest advances in medical technology and science. Chopin has not presented us with all circumstances and objective conditions in which Louise’s disease had developed. The information in the story is sufficient to predict that the outcomes could have been much more favorable in case Mrs. Mallard could use telephone, transport, and medical equipment which are available to us. Heart diseases still create the majority of life-threatening complications, but the extensive scientific research has created vast opportunities for saving the lives of patients after a heart attack and other related health problems. The case of Mrs. Mallard was not connected with any other health complications: she was young, and her age would have made her recovery easier and faster. Female heart is extremely complex both physiologically and emotionally, but even such complications would not create serious obstacles against returning Louise to life. However, even if Louise had survived, no one knows how her family relations and continuous moral and emotional pressure would have impacted her future life. In certain conditions death can be viewed as savior. Works Cited Chopin, K. â€Å"The Story of an Hour.† 1894. Washington State University. 17 February 2008. http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~wldciv/world_civ_reader/world_civ_reader_2/chopin.html Consedine, N.S., Magai, C. & Chin, S. â€Å"Hostility and Anxiety Differentially Predict Cardiovascular Disease in Men and Women.† Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 50 (2004): 214-18. Family Doctor. â€Å"Heart Disease and Heart Attacks: What Women Need to Know.† 2007. FamilyDoctor. Org. 17 February 2008. http://familydoctor.org/online/famdocen/home/common/heartdisease/risk/287.html Krantz, David S. & Mcceney, M. â€Å"Effects of Psychological and Social Factors on Organic Disease: A Critical Assessment of Research on Coronary Heart Disease.† Annual Review of Psychology (2002), pp. 1012-1024. Orth-Gomer, K. & Chesney, M. Women, Stress, and Heart Disease. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1998. Wilansky, S. & Willerson, J.T. Heart Disease in Women. Churchill Livingstone, 2002.

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? 5 Please, choose 5 topics from the list below and write essays on them observing the compositional elements (250-300 words). 1. Handsome is as handsome does. 2. Appearances are deceptive. 3. Actions speak louder than words. 4. Everything is good in its season. 5. Art is long – life is short. 6. As you sow, you shall mow. 7. Forbidden fruit is sweetest. 8. Better late than never. 9. Idleness is the mother of all evil. 10. Drop by drop wears away the shone. 11. East or West home is best. 12. Don’t cook a hare before catching him. 13. First come first served. 14. A friend in need is a friend indeed. 15. Live and let live. : 1. ?. ?. : – . 2. – : , – 18 ?. 2. ?. ?. . 3. ?. ?. . . 4. ?. ? . . : 1. ?. ?. . 2. ?. ?. . 3. ?. ?. . . ?. ?. ? . 5. ?. ?. ? - . : 1. 1994 – ?. ?. - / ?. ?. . – 2-? . . – ?. : , 1994. – 240 ?. 2. American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language – http: // dictionary. reference. com (2000, Feb. 25). 3. Active Study Dictionary of English. – Harlow: Longman Group UK Limited, 1988. – 710 p. 4. Collins Cobuild English Language Dictionary. – London: Har?er Collins Publishers, 1991. 1703 p. 5. Cambridge International Dictionary of English. – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. – 1699 p. 6. The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics – Oxford: Pergamon Press etc. , 1994. – Vol. VII. 7. Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture. – Harlow: Addison Wesley Longman, England, 1998. – 1568 p. 8. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. – Harlow: Longman Group UK Limited, 1978. – 1303 p. 9. Longman Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs. –Harlow: Longman Group UK Limited, 1986. – 734 p. 10. Longman Language Activator. – Harlow: Longman Group UK Limited, 1992. – 1590 p. 1. The Oxford Russian Dictionary. – Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997. – 1340 p. 12. Oxford Learner's Dictionary of Current English. – Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982. – 527 p. 13. Russian–English Dictionary of Idioms. – New York: Random House, 1995. – 1017 p. 14. Roget's Thesaurus of English words and phrases. – London: Penguin Books, 1966. – 722 p. 15. Wordsmyth Educational Dictionary Thesaurus. – http://www. wordsmyth. net. 16. WordNet 1997, Princeton Universiry – http://dictionary. reference. com . 17. Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary à ¢â‚¬â€œ http://dictionary. reference. com

Free Essays on Smokers Segregated From Society

In today’s society smoking is the new drug. People are trying to ban it permanently. The only places to smoke comfortably is in your own home. Smokers are treated differently than nonsmokers. There are several advertisements, and commercials making the public aware of second hand smoke. People who smoke are putting the other people around them in danger. Smokers should be held responsible for their actions, and segregated from nonsmokers. There are several laws that protect the rights of nonsmokers. These laws regulate where smokers make smoke. Such as the clean indoor air act. One website describes this act as a law to protect the public from toxic chemicals in second hand smoke by restricting where smoking is permitted in public places, restaurants, and places of employment (â€Å"Answers To Frequently Asked Questions About Smoking Restrictions Designed to Protect Public the Health†). This law protects the rights of nonsmokers, and ask that smokers go outside of public places to smoke. Nonsmokers around smokers put themselves at a greater risk for health problems. There are several commercials, and advertisements encouraging nonsmokers to protest against smokers. Stanley Scott says, â€Å" This year, for example, the American Cancer Society is promoting programs that encourage people to attack smokers with canisters of gas, to blast them with horns, to squirt them with oversized water guns, and burn them in effigy† (138). This is persuading nonsmokers to take a stand against a smokers. Yes smoking has decreased in the past couple of years. A website said 27% of Americans smoke (1991) versus 29% in 1987 and 44% in 1964 (â€Å"Smoking Statistics†). Although the number of people smoking has lowered, the amount of cigarettes smokers have consumed has risen. The website also says the percentage of heavy smokers is 27% (1987) versus 26% (1974) (â€Å"Smoking Statistics†). This makes nonsmokers angry because the people who are smoking c... Free Essays on Smokers Segregated From Society Free Essays on Smokers Segregated From Society In today’s society smoking is the new drug. People are trying to ban it permanently. The only places to smoke comfortably is in your own home. Smokers are treated differently than nonsmokers. There are several advertisements, and commercials making the public aware of second hand smoke. People who smoke are putting the other people around them in danger. Smokers should be held responsible for their actions, and segregated from nonsmokers. There are several laws that protect the rights of nonsmokers. These laws regulate where smokers make smoke. Such as the clean indoor air act. One website describes this act as a law to protect the public from toxic chemicals in second hand smoke by restricting where smoking is permitted in public places, restaurants, and places of employment (â€Å"Answers To Frequently Asked Questions About Smoking Restrictions Designed to Protect Public the Health†). This law protects the rights of nonsmokers, and ask that smokers go outside of public places to smoke. Nonsmokers around smokers put themselves at a greater risk for health problems. There are several commercials, and advertisements encouraging nonsmokers to protest against smokers. Stanley Scott says, â€Å" This year, for example, the American Cancer Society is promoting programs that encourage people to attack smokers with canisters of gas, to blast them with horns, to squirt them with oversized water guns, and burn them in effigy† (138). This is persuading nonsmokers to take a stand against a smokers. Yes smoking has decreased in the past couple of years. A website said 27% of Americans smoke (1991) versus 29% in 1987 and 44% in 1964 (â€Å"Smoking Statistics†). Although the number of people smoking has lowered, the amount of cigarettes smokers have consumed has risen. The website also says the percentage of heavy smokers is 27% (1987) versus 26% (1974) (â€Å"Smoking Statistics†). This makes nonsmokers angry because the people who are smoking c...

Environmental factors include technology, government, the economy and societal values and behavior. The WritePass Journal

Environmental factors include technology, government, the economy and societal values and behavior. INTRODUCTION Environmental factors include technology, government, the economy and societal values and behavior. INTRODUCTIONCOMPANY OVERVIEWPRE -CHANGE CONDITIONSAREAS TO BE CHANGEDIMPORTANCE OF CHANGEFORCES FOR CHANGE  CHALLENGES MAJOR CHANGES IN SYSTEMRESULTS EXPECTED FROM CHANGEIMPACT OF CHANGERECOMMENDATIONSCONCLUSION  Related INTRODUCTION According to Daft (1994), managers sense a need for change when they perceive a performance gap, that is, a disparity between existing and desired levels of performance. It seems a somewhat narrow definition in that it implies that all change is planned and positive and seems to ignore the possibility of unplanned and potentially negative change for example, unexpected budget cuts. This said, most change is planned, is intended to be positive and arises from the need to respond to new challenges and opportunities (Mullins, 1996). Organizational change may be incremental (linear) or radical (discontinuous). It may be a reactive response to external, environmental factors or generated proactively in anticipation of future trends (Hamel, 1998). Both, however, are a response to how an organization perceives its current or future environment. Indeed, one can detect a Darwinian adapt or die thread running though many authors interpretations (Goble, 1997; Hamel, 1998; St Clair, 1996), a concept summed up pithily by Handy (1993, p.291) with change is a necessary condition of survival. Environmental factors include technology, government, the economy and societal values and behavior. For instance, in recent years, LIS have had to adapt to the rapid development of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) and the Labor governments plans for national computer networks in public libraries and schools. As Goble (1997) notes, they also face competition from external providers in an increasingly commercialized information services market where there is rapid price inflation for both printed and electronic sources, adding pressure to already tight budgets. Further, in a service economy, consumers have become more demanding and, lastly, the composition of the workforce is changing, with an ageing population, more women, plus more part-timers and job sharing (Mullins, 1996). In response to, or in anticipation of such factors, organizations may initiate change. This can incorporate both structure (hierarchy and division of work) and culture (how things are done values and norms), and such change may involve, amongst other things, costs, job design, staff development and training, working conditions and new services or products (Cornell, 1996). Implementing such changes is not easy. Likert, in Cornell, (1996) identifies three styles of managing change: authoritative (imposed by management); consultative (discussed with staff but still decided by management) and participative (involving staff in decision- making). Further, Lewins widely cited model breaks the management of change into three phases. First, unfreezing – diagnosing problems and an awareness of the need to change. Second, changing – the breaking of old habits and adoption of new skills and behaviour and third, refreezing evaluating and consolidating the changes (Daft, 1994; Cava, 1990; Cornell, 1996; Mullins, 1996).    COMPANY OVERVIEW NetSol Technologies Inc. is the one of the leading corporations which offers business services and enterprise application solutions in the field of IT all over the world. It provides solutions to the customers according to their specifications. NetSol started its operation in 1995 and used BestShoringâ„ ¢ method to analyze the situation, develop high quality plan and implement the plan in a very cost effective manner. NetSol offers products, services, credit and finance portfolio systems, SAP consultancy, health care programs, integration of networks and global financial service at a minimum possible cost all over the world. As NetSol was granted certificate of ISO 9001, its commitment of the quality has been improved. It possesses such unique assets and capabilities which only very few companies possess in the world. Fortune 500, financial sectors, technology providers, automakers, public institutes and governments are included in NetSol customer base. It provides services with highest ethical values and uses its top down approach to impart this facility at the door step of the customer. It is known as expert in the field of IT all over the world with a good record it produces a cost effective solutions for the customers. It delivers services beyond expectations. It became first U.S Company which was dual listed by Nasdaq and Dubai International Financial in June 2008.Recelnty it provides consultancy to operate SAP soft- ware and other additional software to assist customers. All services include follow up training and consultancy to the customers.   It is the belief of NetSol to provide excellent solutions not only at present but also in future. It expects growth in the present as well as future and provides state of the art training today to develop leaders of tomorrow. PRE -CHANGE CONDITIONS NetSol was an organization with good reputation in the market and it acquired certificate on the CMML level 3 which was a big achievement for this organization. It had a very strong system and a good control over it but the control level improved. Every activity of the organization before and after the change was recoded and analyzed in proper way. Awareness regarding confidentiality of data has risen in this era. The current trend of change within the organizational culture is getting importance and it is vital for organizations to make changes accordingly. It is very difficult to persuade employees to bring changes because they always resist changes. In changes organization introduce some changes that directly affect on these people. It is the very complex task for the organizations to persuade their employees to accept the change and most of the time organizations receive positive response from them because employees realize the importance of change. NetSol had autocratic culture, tasks were assigned by top level management and bottom level had to follow these tasks according to requirement of the organization and with in the time frame declared by top management. When ISMS system took place it got easier for the employees had to work according to given procedures which were easy so employees got used to the procedures. AREAS TO BE CHANGED As information security management system (ISMS) at NetSol was not strong, it was difficult for NetSol to attract and retain customers. NetSol process that was used previously could not provide the better results that customers expected from the service. Especially its security standards were not up to need of foreign and domestic customers. Foreign customers demanded that NetSol should provide service that guarantees security which meant privacy of information must be protected for corporate customer. NetSol has larger customer base and financial sector accounts for majority of the customers. Therefore, there was extreme need that the financial transactions carried by customers in financial are completely secure. As the world of internet has expanded rapidly and crimes like cyber crime rose to international market so people were very conscious that their data must be protected. NetSol had to embark on providing secure service otherwise, its business would have seen huge decline in customers and eventually revenues. Financial services compete and survive on the promise of their security and reliability, so Net Sol had to take action to be in business and remain competitive. IMPORTANCE OF CHANGE Technological corporations such as NetSol dealing in finance services and information must have strong information security management system (ISMS).Otherwise, it will not be possible for them to attract and develop good customer base. In order to market its products and services it is essential for the NetSol to control the issue of information security because this issue of security in these companies can be matter of survival. ISO 27001:2005 also requires that security of customer information must be given utmost consideration and priority. There is clear procedures for employees how to work in information security management system (ISMS) and clear and straight forward methods useful not only for employees currently employed and working with system but also beneficial for future employees which also reduces the training needs of employee FORCES FOR CHANGE A few of the Factors that compelled NetSol to introduce and implement change are as follows: Fast pace growth in the technology of IT Tough competition observed in this industry Raising the productivity level of corporation because of the increasing demand and integration of information in the system required in this industry, Era of customization, customers are requiring products according to their specification Essential for the NeSol to capture maximum share of the market Assurance of customers’ information security   CHALLENGES Data secrecy, ensuring privacy of client, fool proof security at work place and adjusting new employees in company’s working environment were major challenges to the company. Company’s processes previously were not in way to ensure the security of the information. Due to lack of defined processes employees were not trained to meet security standards described by ISO 27001. MAJOR CHANGES IN SYSTEM Initially the company took steps to make changes in its each BPO division. NetSol launched a system known as Information Security Management System (ISMS). It was very reliable system meeting the needs of customer and requirement of rapid change in technology occurring with the passage of time. The initiative to introduce the system was taken in 2007 and approved   by all top manage   including the Chief Executive Officer, Managing Director, Chief Financial Officer and directors. The Information Security Management System (ISMS) contains many features such as it is set of policies (how this works and how it manages data, what are the techniques through which you can get better results), procedure (what way you can use it, how efficiently you can handle the data, in what way you can manage the data, how data can easily be accessed and how it can be stored), practices (what are the practical implication of this system, for what type of infrastructure this system has been developed, what is hard ware requirement of the system, what is the software specification of for the system, what type of environment is required to run this type of system, what type of training is required to operate this system), roles (how this system will assist in the organization, how it will add value in the organization), responsibilities (what tasks can be performed with the help of this system, how efficiently they can be performed, how it will facilitate to the employees of the organization), resources (things that are required to run this system, infra structure that is mandatory to run this system smoothly, ways through which this system can give desired results to the organization) and structures (how information flow from one system to other, how securely it flows from one personal computer to other personal computer). These all things are included in the information Security Management System (ISMS) to ameliorate its performance and to protect data of clients. In this system all those functions are included that are required by the customer as well as it is recommended by the International Standard Organization. According to ISO it contains all those functions that mitigate or eliminate the risks related to controlling and using particular information (ISO 27001:2005). This system has been developed according to specification provided by ISO and requirement of current market needs as it is made in accordance with ISO 27001 and fulfills all the required things and applicable in following four parts: Security that is directly related with the hard ware component of computer, security of the person using it even organizations that purchase this system and use it in operating their businesses. Information flowing from one computer to other is protected as well. As control of access to limited people to access it easily there must be a password that allows them to log in this system. RESULTS EXPECTED FROM CHANGE The ultimate purpose of change introduced by NetSol was providing customer better services and timely delivery and by introducing software which was need of the day to provide ultimate security and efficiency. NetSol is committed to designing such software that is useful to increase their productivity and efficiency which would increase profits of the company. Original target of NetSol is to fully implement the International Standard Organization requirements mentioned in ISO27001 so it was their target to achieve as it can get certification from ISO regarding this implementation. This is a very dynamic and rapidly changing industry, so it has to focus on business requirement, what actually its customers wants and how to improve quality of their system as it can give maximum satisfaction to the customer, so   all these   areas were targeted to change. The basic target is to achieve those goals in specified and limited time period and also these measure can be taken to evaluate whether company is attaining its target or not. It was their actual target to protect their system from versus and make a fool proof system that is essential to give a best solution to its customer. In order to ensure this facility they must keep employees up to date they can be aware of the security system and can keep an eye on these measures though this system is capable enough to keep data secure. IMPACT OF CHANGE NetSol Technologies introduced Total Quality Management (TQM0 system to deliver the desired results. It implemented pre defined and well defined procedure which the organization has to follow and move towards continuous improvement. It focuses on both professional developments of employees as well as improvement of work environment. Therefore, it has been successful to retain competent professionals in the company and has created such an environment that boosts innovation in products and services. The vision of NetSol Technologies is to be number one IT Solution Company in the mind of customers, employees, stakeholders, partners and competitors. The main focus of the company is to give customers data security assurance which is the first choice of the customers. RECOMMENDATIONS NetSol Technologies must continue the change process in their organization because it provides IT solutions to organizations which have automated information systems and their systems are heavily dependent on technology, so NetSol has to provide them with reliable and secure and sophisticated .NetSol faced difficulty because initially the system the provided and used could not perform according to expectations of customers. The main flaw was observed of that system, it could not provide data secrecy which was a big challenge for NetSol. At last it brought change and terraced out its fault, it brought changes in order to keep system secure and reliable. The main problem of IT technology is that it is volatile, its technology changes rapidly. On every day new and advanced systems and softwares are introduced in the market. It is very hard for the organization to maintain their business in this rapidly changing environment. It changes in both ways not only in hard ware but also in software. New and updated systems have to be introduced to remain competitive and offer customers up-to-date technology for their businesses. On the other hand it is facing some problems regarding the continuous development of new viruses threatening the security of the system. It creates problem for systems and it becomes very difficult to manage system. Though it has terraced out the solution, now its system is providing better results and NetSol capturing its customers but again there is a problem that it can not be the permanent solution because as it is discussed earlier it is rapidly changing industry so NetSol has to be conscious to respond to these i ssues rapidly and effectively to gain customer confidence and has to respond to other market changes accordingly. As NetSol is struggling in this industry so are its competitors due to the volatile nature of this industry. It is vital that NetSol Technologies keep an eye on the rapidly changing environment and design and offer products and service based on requirement of the technology market.    CONCLUSION   NetSol   improved   the quality   of its services, data security, so its management   can   now better plan the business continuity, incidents are well managed, all kinds of risk and threats are well assessed and managed, and lots of other benefits which are worthy to consider. The change has an impact on the whole services quality. Changed process has helped management better monitor whether services are smooth and secure enough to make customers satisfy customer demand. Now that the quality of services has improved, the fault rate has dramatically reduced and customer satisfaction has risen, customer loyalty has also risen and service quality has improved whilst cost has greatly reduced and return on investment has risen by 30%. Management and organizational change is effective only when the planned change has potential to improve companies’ competitiveness in the market and bring more success to the organization and help tackle challenges that organization is faced with. The organization should keep monitoring current situations and make changes only if it is felt necessary, as change in organization is a complex decision and has direct impact on the image of the organization. NetSol survived the toughest competition and challenges because change was properly planned and managed.

Sortir Conjugation in French, Translation, and Examples

Sortir Conjugation in French, Translation, and Examples In French,  sortir  means to exit, to leave, or to go out and it is a frequently used irregular  -ir  verb. When you want to use it in conversational French, its important to know how to conjugate it. This article will show you a few different meanings of sortir and its most frequently used conjugations: the present, present progressive, compound past, imperfect, simple future, near future indicative, the conditional, the present subjunctive, as well as the imperative and the gerund. Sortir  Is Conjugated Like Partir and Dormir Within irregular  -ir  verbs, there are some patterns. Two groups exhibit similar characteristics and conjugation patterns. There is also a large category of extremely irregular  -ir  verbs that follow no pattern. Sortir  lies in the first group and it does follow a particular pattern. Besides sortir, this group includes dormir  (to sleep), mentir  (to lie), partir  (to leave), sentir  (to feel), servir  (to serve)  and all of their derivatives, such as repartir  (to divide). All of these verbs drop the last letter of the radical (root) in the singular conjugations. For instance, in first person singular of sortir is je sors (no t) while the first person plural is nous sortons (retains the t from the root). The more you can recognize these patterns, the easier it will be to remember conjugations. Generally speaking, most French verbs ending in  -mir,  -tir, or  -vir  are conjugated this way.   Using Sortir  in French Sortir  essentially means the opposite of  entrer  (to enter)  and the meaning changes slightly depending on what follows it. But the most common meaning is to go out and to exit or leave as in Je veux sortir ce soir (I want to go out tonight) or Nous ne sommes pas sortis depuis deux mois (We havent gone out for two months). When followed by a preposition or a direct object,  sortir  takes on a slightly different and more specific meaning. sortir de means  to get out of or to leave: As in,  Tu dois sortir de leau (You need to get out of the water) and Sortez de chez moi ! (Get out of my house!). It can also be used for something like, Doà ¹ sort-il  ? (Where has he been?).sortir de (informal) means  to have just done something: As in, On sort de manger (We just ate) and  Il sortait de finir  (He had just finished).sortir en / means  to go out in / on: As in, Nous allons sortir en voiture (Were going to go out in the car / go for a drive) and Je veux sortir bicyclette (I want to go out on my bike / go for a bike ride).sortir en   present participle  means to ___ out: As in,  Pourquoi est-il sorti en courant ? (Why did he run out?) and  Elle sort en boitant (She is limping out).sortir par  means  to get out by means of: As in, Tu ne peux pas sortir par la porte (You cant get out through the door) and Loiseau est sorti par la fenà ªtre (The bird went out the window).sortir direct object  m eans to take out: As in,  Tu dois sortir le chien ce soir. (You need to take the dog out tonight) and Jai sorti la voiture du garage  (I took the car out of the garage). Sortir  as a Pronominal Verb As a pronominal verb,  se sortir de  can take on even more meanings. For instance,  se sortir de  means to get out of or to extricate oneself. For example, Jespà ¨re quil va pouvoir se sortir de cette situation  (I hope hell be able to get out of that situation), or Je me suis sorti dun mauvais pas  (I got out of a tight spot). Sen sortir  means to survive/get through a dangerous or difficult situation, as in Je ne sais pas sil va sen sortir  (I dont know if hes going to make it / pull through) or Tu ten es bien sorti  ! (Youve done really well!). Common French Expressions With Sortir   There are plenty of idiomatic expressions using  sortir.  Keep in mind that you will need to conjugate  sortir  in many of these. sortir indemne dun choc -  to exit unscathedsortir de limagination -  being the result of creativity, inspirationsortir de sa cachette -  get out of hidingsen sortir -  to extract oneself from a difficult situationsortir de lordinaire -  to stand out from the ordinaryle petit oiseau va sortir. -  The photo is about to be taken. Present Indicative Je sors Je sors de la maison 8 heures du matin. I leave the house at 8 am. Tu sors Tu sors le chien. You take the dog out. Il/Elle/On sort Elle sort au cinà ©ma avec Jean. She goes out to the movies with Jean. Nous sortons Nous sortons du travail trà ¨s tard. We leave work very late. Vous sortez Vous sortez les poubelles aprà ¨s manger. You take the trash out after eating. Ils/Elles sortent Ils sortent par la fenà ªtre. They go out through the window. Present Progressive Indicative To speak about ongoing actions in the present in French you can use the regular present tense or the present progressive, which is formed with the present tense conjugation of the verb à ªtre (to be) en train de the infinitive verb (sortir). Je suis en train de sortir Je suisen train de sortir de la maison 8 heures du matin. I am leaving the house at 8 am. Tu esen train de sortir Tu esen train de sortir le chien. You are taking the dog out. Il/Elle/On esten train de sortir Elle esten train de sortir au cinà ©ma avec Jean. She is going out to the movies with Jean. Nous sommesen train de sortir Nous sommesen train de sortir du travail trà ¨s tard. We are leaving work very late. Vous à ªtesen train de sortir Vous à ªtesen train de sortir les poubelles aprà ¨s manger. You are taking the trash out after eating. Ils/Elles sonten train de sortir Ils sonten train de sortir par la fenà ªtre. They are going out through the window. Compound Past Indicative The  passà © composà ©Ã‚  is translated to English as the simple past. It is formed using either the auxiliary verb  Ãƒ ªtre  or the auxiliary verb avoir and the past participle  sorti. Sortir is a special verb because in the compound tenses, it  may be conjugated with both  Ãƒ ªtre or  avoir, depending on whether  sortir  is used intransitively or transitively. When  sortir  is used  intransitively, the auxiliary verb is  Ãƒ ªtre, and in that case the past participle must agree in gender and number with the subject: Es-tu sorti hier soir  ? (Did you go out last night?). When  sortir  is used  transitively, the auxiliary verb is  avoir: Jai sorti la voiture du garage (I took the car out of the garage). Je suis sorti(e)/ai sorti Je suis sorti de la maison 8 heures du matin. I left the house at 8 am. Tu es sorti(e)/as sorti Tu as sorti le chien. You took the dog out. Il/Elle/On est sorti(e)/a sorti Elle est sortie au cinà ©ma avec Jean. She went out to the movies with Jean. Nous sommes sortis(ies)/avons sorti Nous sommes sortis du travail trà ¨s tard. We left work very late. Vous à ªtes sorti(s/ies)/avez sorti Vous avez sorti les poubelles aprà ¨s manger. You took the trash out after eating. Ils/Elles sont sortis(ies)/ont sorti Ils sont sortis par la fenà ªtre. They went out through the window. Imperfect Indicative The imperfect tense can be translated to English as was going out or used to go out. It is used to talk about ongoing events or repeated actions in the past. Je sortais Je sortais de la maison 8 heures du matin. I used to leave the house at 8 am. Tu sortais Tu sortais le chien. You used to take the dog out. Il/Elle/On sortait Elle sortaitau cinà ©ma avec Jean. She used to go out to the movies with Jean. Nous sortions Nous sortions du travail trà ¨s tard. We used to leave work very late. Vous sortiez Vous sortiez les poubelles aprà ¨s manger. You used to take the trash out after eating. Ils/Elles sortaient Ils sortaient par la fenà ªtre. They used to go out through the window. Simple Future Indicative Je sortirai Je sortirai de la maison 8 heures du matin. I will leave the house at 8 am. Tu sortiras Tu sortiras le chien. You will take the dog out. Il/Elle/On sortira Elle sortiraau cinà ©ma avec Jean. She will go out to the movies with Jean. Nous sortirons Nous sortirons du travail trà ¨s tard. We willleave work very late. Vous sortirez Vous sortirez les poubelles aprà ¨s manger. You will take the trash out after eating. Ils/Elles sortiront Ils sortiront par la fenà ªtre. They will go out through the window. Near Future Indicative The near future in French is formed with the present tense conjugation of the verb aller (to go) the infinitive (sortir). It is translated to English as going to verb. Je vais sortir Je vaissortir de la maison 8 heures du matin. I am going to leave the house at 8 am. Tu vas sortir Tu vasortir le chien. You are going to take the dog out. Il/Elle/On vasortir Elle vasortir au cinà ©ma avec Jean. She isgoing to go out to the movies with Jean. Nous allonssortir Nous allonssortir du travail trà ¨s tard. We aregoing toleave work very late. Vous allezsortir Vous allezsortir les poubelles aprà ¨s manger. You aregoing to take the trash out after eating. Ils/Elles vontsortir Ils vontsortir par la fenà ªtre. They aregoing to go out through the window. Conditional To talk about possibilities or hypothetical events, you can use the conditional mood. Je sortirais Je sortirais de la maison 8 heures du matin si je me levais plus tà ´t. I would leave the house at 8 am if I got up earlier. Tu sortirais Tu sortirais le chien si je le demandais. You would take the dog out if I asked for it. Il/Elle/On sortirait Elle sortiraitau cinà ©ma avec Jean si elle voulait. She would go out to the movies with Jean if she wanted to. Nous sortirions Nous sortirionsdu travail trà ¨s tard si c'à ©tait nà ©cessaire. We wouldleave work very late if it were necessary. Vous sortiriez Vous sortiriez les poubelles aprà ¨s manger si vous vouliez. You wouldtake the trash out after eating if you wanted to. Ils/Elles sortiraient Ils sortiraient par la fenà ªtre s'ils pouvaient. They would go out through the window if they could. Present Subjunctive The subjunctive mood is used in cases where the action is uncertain. Que je sortes Il est important que je sortes de la maison 8 heures du matin. It's important that I leave the house at 8 am. Que tu sortes Maurice est content que tu sortes le chien. Maurice is happy that you take the dog out. Qu'il/Elle/On sorte Il est possible qu'elle sorte au cinà ©ma avec Jean. It is possible that she go out to the movies with Jean. Que nous sortions Le patron suggà ¨re que nous sortons du travail trà ¨s tard. The boss suggests that we leave work very late. Que vous sortiez Votre pà ¨re exige que vous sortiez les poubelles aprà ¨s manger. Your father demands that you take the trash out after eating. Qu'ils/Elles sortent Carl conseille qu'ils sortent par la fenà ªtre. Carl advises that they go out through the window. Imperative There are times when you simply want to tell someone to Get out! On these occasions, you can turn to the imperative verb mood which does not require a subject pronoun. Instead, you can just tell them Sors ! To form the negative commands, simply place ne...pas around the positive command. Positive commands Tu sors ! Sors le chien ! Take the dog out! Nous sortons! Sortons du travail trà ¨s tard ! Let's leave work very late! Vous sortez! Sortez les poubelles ! Take out the trash! Negative commands Tu ne sors pas ! Ne sors pas le chien ! Don't take the dog out! Nous ne sortons pas! Ne sortons pas du travail trà ¨s tard ! Let's not leave work very late! Vous ne sortez pas! Ne sortez pas les poubelles ! Don't take out the trash! Present Participle/Gerund The  present participle  of  sortir  is  sortant. This was formed by simply adding  -ant  to the verb stem. The present participle can be used to form the gerund (usually preceded by the preposition en), which can be used to talk about simultaneous actions. Present participle/gerund ofSortir sortant Il est tombà © en sortant le chien. He fell down while taking the dog out.

Michael Lemonick's Are We Losing Our Edge Essay

Michael Lemonick's Are We Losing Our Edge - Essay Example Thus, through such competition, any country that has even a little bit of ambition and grit is being able to establish itself within the rest of the world as a global superpower in terms of its trade and economy. As per the words of Shirley Ann Jackson, America is thus facing what is called, a ‘Quiet Crisis.’ (Lemonick, Michael D.) Various kinds of aspects have together helped to stem the kind of growth that American was having in the last few decades, and compared to the current levels of growth, how the same has slowed down due to processes within the government framework and structure. For example, the author writes that during the period of George W Bush, a large amount of hostility was shown towards various topics under science, which were not given ample grants or potential for research and testing. This has further led to the growth of the meltdown that the country is facing on a global scale today. (Msurjapu) The inadequacies of growth going in America have been further highlighted by the kind of slow down that has been brought about in the corporate sector as well. These industries are not being given enough government support unlike other companies around the world in other countries are receiving; furthermore, they are cutting back on their investments and production for fear of going into losses and not being able to cover their initial and variable costs. According to personal opinion, the reign under Barack Obama has done far better in trying to perfect this global meltdown that America has been going through since the time of Bush. During his time, not much emphasis was given to various sectors that were at that time waiting to explode into fully potential fields of growth and development. Since areas like nanotechnology, supercomputing and alternative energy were not given as much importance in America at the time, other countries like India and Japan were trying their best to exploit these areas and emerge as victorious superpowers in the same. The final result was that these other countries had been successful in their operations and left America a step behind in terms of such development in the fields of science and technology. By the time it was time for Bush to step down and Obama to take control and fix these factors, other countries around the world had established their own levels of competition in the global market with respect to these full of potential growth aspects of life. That is why, America has been said to be losing out on its edge; the same edge that it held over the global market earlier, due to such intolerance towards research in newer fields. This has been taken up by other nations around the world now, leading to American being put into the competition at the same level, and not a cut above the rest; a position that the country used to maintain in the past. Lemonick has made use of a number of rhetorical strategies to write his article. These are strategies used in order to make the wri ting more powerful and persuasive for the reader, and help him understand a person’s point of view better. However, each piece and kind of writing requires a different kind of strategy to be used, and not all of them can be used within the same article. Lemonick has made excellent use of exemplification within his article. This includes providing facts and

Automatic storage management for Oracle database 11g Research Paper

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Strategic Management Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Strategic Management Analysis - Essay Example The Company focuses on transforming personal transportation by introducing vehicles that will use electricity rather that the norm of fuel consumption vehicles.The Company was founded by Agassi and its headquarters are in R&D center which is in Israel as well as in California and Palo Alto. Mission The mission set by Better Place Companyis to be able to accelerate the change from the use of oil based vehicles to the adoption of vehicles that are powered by renewable energy that is they have zero emission. Vision Its vision is to be a company that is aimed at creating great linkages between the car companies, the battery companies as well as the consumers and utilities in a way that will ensure that the adoption of the Electric Vehicles (EV) is a success. Better Place is geared towards ensuring that the automobile industry adopts a profitable change by propelling the consumers to be able to embrace the adoption of the EVs. Stakeholders A stakeholder simply refers to people, organizati on or groups that have a specific interest in an organization. Being a company that deals with automobiles Better place managers have to always give more attention to the expectations of those stakeholders that are directly involved in the industry. This is due to the fact that the influence and success of the company depends primarily on such stakeholders. The stakeholders include governments, the battery manufacturers, car companies, automobile manufacturers, investors, potential consumers for the EV as well as other private companies. With regards to the way in which each stakeholder influences the success or the failure of the business strategy Better place has three types of stakeholders (Johnson, p.156). These are: The socio/political stakeholders-these are mainly the governments as well as the agencies that are supporting the adoption of the company’s strategy. For instance the governments that have embraced the adoption of the Electric Vehicles are Israel, Denmark, Au stralia, Japan, Toronto and Hawaii. In order for Better Place to be able to attract the government, industry as well as the capital for the adoption of the EV model a number of challenges was faced: These were-the lack of marketing strategy to create awareness about better place in order to build its reputation. The second challenge was trying to convince the decision makers in government and business that the use of the Electric Vehicles was a viable mode of transport. Economic stakeholders-These include the manufacturers, the competitors as well as the suppliers. For instance, the battery manufacturers such as LG Chem and the car companies such as Toyota. Technological stakeholders-These includes the competitors who come up with new technologies that are aimed at improving the industry standards. Better Place Company through the expectations of its stakeholders aims at making a difference by ensuring that the form of transport used worldwide is environmental friendly. The impact o f the company has been seen throughout the years and it is clear that in the case that the company will not have materialized, the hope for a personal transport that has zero emissions would have been lost. Better PlaceCompany is dependent on its stakeholders due to the fact that its implementation primarily depends on their approval as well as continuation of the supply chain. For instance for Israel to fully embrace the Electric Vehicles it was necessary for the government to grant the company permission to start up the venture.Below is a figure showing power/interest matrix: Industry and Scenario Analyses Industry and scenario analysis does not rely on

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The analysis of the lecture about Human Rights and The Expirence of Essay

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Self-Developmental Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

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Letter of Advice Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Strategic Management Accounting and applying it

Strategic Management Accounting and applying it With the rapid development of the global economy, traditional management accounting has been difficult to meet the business strategic management and requirements. Strategic Management Accounting(SMA) for the modern enterprise is of great significance. However, it is a new techniques and approaches. Although strategic management accounting has been developed over 20 years, the SMA is still debatable. In addition, a number of scholars have experienced to define what SMA is, however, the opinions of the scholars is still not yet able to be generalized. Yet, strategic management accounting is still at the exploratory stage. Management accounting plays a crucial role in the business world. It provides important advice in order to make decision for the firms in the western society. The costs of offering excellent products strategically need to be fully integrated into the enterprise cost system and being reported by these systems. Management accounting helps monitoring the performance of the management. Therefore, the customers can then be securely kept in the same market. This could also be helpful on understanding the market in a better way. Strategic management market aims to obtain the information of the rivals in the same market; this provides support to their business when making decision since the owner could adjust their budget plan according the reports of the strategic management market. Strategic management accounting is recently developed in management accounting. It involved in planning, control and requires financial information. In the strategic management planning and control systems, R.N.Anthony believes that there are two different oriented processes which are externally and internally. Externally oriented process is a financial accounting. Moreover, an internally oriented process is including strategic planning, management control and operational control. During the strategic planning process, it is the role of formulating strategy and it emphasis on planning. Planning defines aims, objectives and targets of organizations and also does formulation, evaluation and selection of policies, strategies, tactics and actions to achieve them. The orientation is planning outside the organization which is relating to the organizations environment. Secondly, after strategic planning, management control would be followed. The main function of this process is implementing strategy which can be a part of the planning. In the final stage, operational control is mainly responsible for controlling however also performing the tasks as well as planning. In this process it ensure that resources and obtained and used effectively and efficiently to achieve organizational goals and procedures adhered to or appropriate remedial action taken. It normally occurs within the organization. Strategy orientated accounting complements the traditional concerns of the West accounting. It focuses on the additional costs in order to maintain competitive advantages of enterprises of actual and potential rivals. It focuses on the cost impact enterprise products and marketing strategies and it can be seen as an essence for success in todays meeting the challenges of an increasingly global market. Generally speaking, such re-orientation is another license management accounting focused on the value of consumer generated relative to its competitors. It also helps monitoring the companys performance in the market variables using a series of strategic decisions over the horizon which would be long enough to achieve the strategic plan. These concepts form the core of the new concept of SMA. In addition, there are 12 strategic management accounting practices. They are competitive position monitoring, strategic pricing, competitor performance appraisal, competitor cost assessment, strat egic costing, value-chain costing, brand value monitoring brand value budgeting, attribute costing, quality costing, life-cycle costing and target costing. However, the main methods in SMA which are strategic costing, target costing and product life-cycle. Although there are a lot of practices, there is still of a lower usage and recognized by a couple of organizations. In 1981, Ken Simmonds has firstly proposed the strategic management accounting, he developed the SMA definition. After his speech, SMA has been concerned day by day. In the speech, he mentioned to collect management accounting information about a business and the competitors for the uses in developing and monitoring the business strategy. He argues that management accounting should be more outward looking and should help the emphasis to place upon relative levels and trends in real costs and prices, cash flow, market share and stewardship of the resources available to the business. It can be developed and controlled the enterprise strategic. Ken Simmonds suggested that profits are not from internal efficiencies but from the companys competitive position in its market. He raised several ideas for the application of SMA in the business. He stressed the importance of the learning curve with respect to achieve strategic advantage by forecasting cost reductions and thus selling price reductions of competitors. He also drew attention to the importance of early experience to the new product as a meaning to give a unique advantage over competitors. Major competitor should be able to reduce the sales price of the products which should further increase its production and enhance its market share; which eventually force some competitors to leave the industry. Secondly, Simmonds shows that the cost-volume-profit relationship of competitors could predict the price response and management accounting functions to help assessing the cost structure of each major competitor and relating this to their prices. In addition to handling costs and prices, Simmonds concentrated on volume and market share by monitoring the movement of the market share as the main products, companies can see if it is acquired or lost status and competitors will show different strength in the market share. Including detailed information on the market, management accounting report will help to enable more strategic management accounting-related. Simmonds suggested that the market share of the statements may be included in managed accounts. He believes that SMA will develop in management accounting in the future. One of the main advocates of Strategic Management Accounting is M.E. Porter(1985). His argument on strategic management is considered as the important information. Porter mentions a two pronged approach. First, he assessed various aspects of the industrys long-term profitability. He believes the five competitive forces will contribute to strategic balance. This is a threat to new entrants, substitute products or services enter the market, competition among existing institutions within the industry, bargaining power of suppliers and consumers. These five forces fully reflect the competitiveness of many enterprises in an increasingly competitive. However, Porter has also raised the question of the relative position of the enterprise in the industry. This issue is important because it affects the ability of enterprises to create profits above or below the industry average. Returns may be higher than average to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage. This is achieved by three basic generic strategies which are cost leadership, differentiation and focus. Cost leadership means that companies intended to serve as the lowest cost of production in the industries. This is achieved by economies of scale; capital of the experience curve effect, tight cost control and cost minimization. Also, the company aims to provide a number of different levels of product and service value to customers. It can generate a premium price. This is the differentiation part. Focus is another part of the bargaining power which concerns about the cost and differentiation focus. Porter mentioned that the value chain is needed to determine the future of the practice of strategic management accounting. Value is the customer willing to pay which is a function of the image products. In the value chain, there are nine elements. Some of these cost drivers may be controllable. The nine elements of the value chain can also be separated as either support activities or main activities. For the support activities, they are firm infrastructure, human resources, technology development and procurement. And the main activities are inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, marketing and sales and services. For example, Internal value chain analysis is the objectives of promoting enterprises to eliminate useless operations and reduce waste. The factory analyses the operating level step by step. The main reason is to focus on the market and customer. The operations and the activities of the business-internal price chain analysis enable the cost management of enterprises to maintain the basic operating level, and explore each layer of worth operations, eliminating useless operations. The value of Competitors chain analysis can identify the merits and shortcomings in the company. The conclusion of the market and competitors analysis that compared to the competitors on the market, production quality and diversification may not have too much effect. If the strategic can improve the quality or diversification in product to enhance competitiveness, it would be hard to achieve. On the other hand, if firm blindly relying on low prices to gain market share, it will lead to greater losses. In the analysis, the impact of the cost drivers on each of the elements must be assessed by efforts. Also, there must be a satisfactory margin which produced by the cost of the nine elements. Once this is completed, manager must try to make analysis of their own competitors in the same way. Strategic advantage will be able to establish if the elements of the total cost is less than competitors. It is necessary to adopt a more positive attitude to assess if the profit margins higher than those of competition. If not, it is needed to develop strategies to achieve the low cost advantage by controlling the cost drivers. The cost savings would lead to a reduction on costs or improve productivity. Marketing, sales and service costs may be reduced more efficiently, if the reduction in external fault. An obvious example provides a good customer support services to the public. If a Volkswagen breaks down occurs, while the car is in a warranty period, the rescue vehicles comes out and fix it. If it cannot be fixed, and then provide replacement. This is would be good way handle but the cost would be expensive (C.DRURY, 2008). Shank based on Porter (1985) proposed three generic strategies in order to achieve sustainable competitive advantage. Shank also mentions the needs for management accounting to support the enterprises competitive strategy and clarify two different types of competitive strategy the first one is cost leadership and product differentiation. The second one is demand different cost analysis perspective. For example, standard product cost is likely to be a very important tool for management control in the company that pursuing a cost leadership strategy in a mature commodity business. On the contrary, standard product cost is probably not important after the differentiation strategy of enterprises. With the market-driven, there is rapidly changing and fast-growing business. A companys pursuit of product differentiation strategy may require more information than on the cost of the leading about new product innovation, design cycles, research and development expenditures and marketing cost analysis. The difference between the cost leadership and product differentiation which depend on the primary strategic thrust of the firm. Recently, Professor Bromwich(1994) further discusses strategic management accounting and definition of strategic management accounting such as the provision analysis of financial information on the firms product markets, competitors costs, cost structures, the monitoring of the enterprises strategies and those of its competitors in these markets over a number of periods. Bromwich found that SMA is a development of management accounting. This new techniques needed to be further discussed by the accountants in the future. Moreover, Bromwich mentioned that the role of accounting is going to extend in two directions when adding the strategic perspective to traditional management accounting. First, in strategic cost analysis, costs need to integrated into it and thus align costs with strategy. Secondly, in a fairly general way, the cost structure in competitors businesses and to record the changes over time. To achieve this, Bromwich also highlights this distinction identifying two domina nt approaches to SMA. One seeks to cost the product attributes offered by a companys goods. It is to attract customers. The other approach is to cost the functions in the value chain which provide value to the customer. (Bromwich and Bhimani ,1994) In the cost leadership strategy development trends, as well as obsolete the traditional cost accounting. SMA focus is based on the benefits and it is doubtful for the standard costing performance measurement; suspected the use of flexible manufacturing costs, budget control, a worship of the budget; strict adherence to the traditional product cost pricing decisions; one to consider the cost of competitors; the absence of formal consideration of the marketing costs. Roslender (1995) determine the target cost as a domain within strategic management accounting. This is the reason why focus on the external part and this is a market-oriented approach for product pricing and cost management. In addition, it involves the proliferation of management accounting throughout the organization and active participation of staff in a broad range of management functions. Their goal is to achieve the target cost, including the identification, evaluation and use of cost functional analysis of the product attributes and research opportunities to reduce costs throughout the value chain. Moreover, a recent contribution to the role of SMA, emphasizing the management accounting in the development and support the overall competitive strategy of an organization is the Balanced Scorecard. The purpose of the Balanced Scorecard is to encourage behavior consistent with organizational strategy. It includes a comprehensive framework for performance measurement to clarify, com munication and management strategy. (Kaplan and Norton, 1992). He sees SMA as an approach that to account for strategic positioning by the trials to integrate the views from the previous marketing texts into management accounting. Robin Roslender and Susan J.Hart mentions that SMA is intimately associated with both management accounting and marketing management because SMA is on a strategic level who attends to change in the environment outside the enterprise but not limited to this one part of the enterprise, SMA explore the whole industry value chain in the business information and improve the enterprises economic environment. It emphasis that enterprise development and environmental change are consistent, in order to achieve the optimal effectiveness of industry, SMA requires marketing management to collect the information of competitors. The management accountants collect, compare, and analyze the information. The analysis of SMA is depending on the information from marketing management. It is controversial that if it is necessary for the management accountants to handle to the marketing information or the marketing management can obtain the information with their own tool. Innes (1998) believes that strategic management accounting for the provision of information to support strategic decision-making in enterprise. Strategic decision-making usually involves in a long-term period, there is a significant impact on the organization, even though they may have an internal element, and they also have external factors. This definition was introduced that provide information in order to support an organizations principal long-term decisions, such as the use of activity-based costing information, provide the relevant information product structure, the introduction and abandonment decisions are the domain of SMA. This view is support by Cooper and Kaplan (1988) who state that strategic accounting techniques are designed to support the entire organizations competitive strategy. Generally speaking, the power of using information technology is to develop more sophisticated product and service costs. Despite strategic management accounting has received, there is still no comprehensive conceptual framework of what strategic management accounting (Tomkins and Carr, 1996). For example, Coad(1996) states that SMA is an emerging field whose boundaries are loose and there is still no unified view of what it is or how it might develop. The existing literature in the field is both disparate and disjointed (Coad, 1996:332). There is an exception such the survey which conducted by Guilding et al. (2000). The survey sample included 312 large companies. Guilding et al. found that recognition of what is difficult to determine the composition of the strategic management of generally accepted accounting practice. According to the review of the literature, they identified 12 strategic management accounting practices including value-chain costing, strategic costing, target cost, life-cycle costing, attribute costing etc. These are being used to determine the practice, it is a must demonstrate one or more of the following characteristics: the environment and market position focus on competitors; and long-term, forward-looking direction. At the end of the experiment, Guilding et al concluded that 12 strategic management accounting practices are of relatively low usage, there are two factors that should not dismiss their potential. First of all, all the evaluation of SMA practices may be significantly higher than expected utilization of the advantages of scoring points. Secondly, there are still many companies have abandoned the usages of the SMA. These findings showed that there is a difference between the neediness and the actual reports conducted. It finds that there the practicing accountants do not familiar with the usage of the SMA. This gives supports to the findings of Tomkins and Carrs (1996) while they believed that the SMA is ill-defined. In addition, it is still lacking of the strategic management accounting consensus. (Lord, 1996) stated that a number of strands have been used to describe the strategic management accounting. It magnifies the internal focus of traditional management accounting and the external information to competitors. The linkage between the strategic position which decided by the companies and the anticipated emphasis on management accounting and lastly obtaining competitive advantage by interpreting methods to reduce costs or to boost the varieties of the companies goods by exploiting the relationship between the value chains and generalizing the cost drivers. In conclusion Strategic management accounting is recently developed in management accounting. It involved in planning, control and requires financial information. Nevertheless, SMA have not formed a unified knowledge. While some firms may have heard SMA. They may lack for a clear understanding in SMA. Although SMA has lots of different views from various authors. For example, Simmonds is the earliest to introduce the strategic management accounting. He mentions to collect information on business competitors. Than Bormwich has further information SMA is not only to collect information . It still need to Research and competitors on their own competitive advantage and value creation process and research a long-term decision-making cycle in the enterprise perspective, for the marketing of these products and services give enterprises the total revenue. In addition, Porter identified 3 generic strategies in SMA to achieve sustainable competitive advantage. .However ,Innes (1998) believe that strategic management accounting for the provision of information to support strategic decision-making and Cooper and Kaplan (1988) views that Strategic Accounting technology is designed to support the entire organizations competitive strategy to develop more sophisticated products and services costs . On the other hand,lord (1996) identified SMA not only analysis external competitor information but also extend the main point of traditional management accounting. They are all authors who hold different evidence to support their own mind in SMA, so SMA is totally confide, it is remains a mystery .,In my opinion, the main reason of SMA occurs because Economic is developing very fast and SMA is reclamation and atone for traditional management accounting in a new environment. However,SMA has many of obstacles in developing process such as enterprise keep continue to apply the SMA in the practical application and do adjustment and innovation , thereby it can promote the development of SMA application to make it update. So I believe that Although SMA lack of consistent theory at this moment , it will be a big management accounting develop in the future. Bibliographies: Bromwich, M. Accounting information for strategic excellence Bromwich, M.,1990 The case for strategic management accounting : the role of accounting information for strategy in competitive markets.Accounting Organization and Society, Vol 15, No  ½ , pp.27-46 Cadez, S.,2008 An exploratory investigation of an integrated contingency model of strategic management accounting ,Accounting, Organizations and Society,33,pp.836-863 Drury,C. 2008, Management Costing Accounting, 7th ed. , London: South-Western. Horngren,C. 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